Each column keeps its native condition scope. Initial features are displayed alphabetically, not ranked by clinical importance. Counts remain separate, and an empty cell does not mean a feature cannot occur.
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Characteristic features of Kleefstra syndrome include developmental delay and intellectual disability, severely limited or absent speech, and weak muscle tone (hypotonia). Affected individuals also have an unusually small head size (microcephaly) and a wide, short skull (brachycephaly). Distinctive facial features include eyebrows that grow together in the middle (synophrys), widely spaced eyes (hypertelorism), a sunken appearance of the middle of the face (midface hypoplasia), nostrils that open to the front rather than downward (anteverted nares), a protruding jaw (prognathism), rolled out (everted) lips, and a large tongue (macroglossia). Affected individuals may have a high birth weight and childhood obesity.","mondoId":"MONDO:0012455","records":[{"frequencyKind":"range","key":"0355dd98a56e2c134450893d73a24ea7ae50f56562cdf79169c438f03ed68ec6","raw":{"aspect":"P","body_system":"nervous_system","disease_id":"OMIM:610253","disease_name":"Kleefstra syndrome 1","evidence":"PCS","frequency_raw":"HP:0040282","hpo_id":"HP:0000750","is_excluded":false,"label":"Delayed speech and language development","onset_id":null,"reference":"PMID:20945554","source_release":"2026-06-23"},"sourceGroups":["published"]},{"frequencyKind":"range","key":"03b9c6988c54e91e3b33b81c66fc7efa5967f8037dc8a125953c4a42d76fa348","raw":{"aspect":"P","body_system":"head_and_neck","disease_id":"OMIM:610253","disease_name":"Kleefstra syndrome 1","evidence":"PCS","frequency_raw":"HP:0040282","hpo_id":"HP:0010806","is_excluded":false,"label":"U-Shaped upper lip 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Ancestor membership does not transfer phenotype values between groups.","importantHtml":""},"sections":[{"bodyHtml":"Kleefstra syndrome is caused by the loss of the EHMT1 gene or by mutations that disable its function. The EHMT1 gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called euchromatic histone methyltransferase 1. Histone methyltransferases are enzymes that modify proteins called histones. Histones are structural proteins that attach (bind) to DNA and give chromosomes their shape. By adding a molecule called a methyl group to histones, histone methyltransferases can turn off (suppress) the activity of certain genes, which is essential for normal development and function.
Most people with Kleefstra syndrome are missing a sequence of about 1 million DNA building blocks (base pairs) on one copy of chromosome 9 in each cell. The deletion occurs near the end of the long (q) arm of the chromosome at a location designated q34.3, a region containing the EHMT1 gene. Some affected individuals have shorter or longer deletions in the same region.
The loss of the EHMT1 gene from one copy of chromosome 9 in each cell is believed to be responsible for the characteristic features of Kleefstra syndrome in people with the 9q34.3 deletion. However, the loss of other genes in the same region may lead to additional health problems in some affected individuals.
About 25 percent of individuals with Kleefstra syndrome do not have a deletion of genetic material from chromosome 9; instead, these individuals have mutations in the EHMT1 gene. Some of these mutations change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in euchromatic histone methyltransferase 1. Others create a premature stop signal in the instructions for making the enzyme or alter the way the gene's instructions are pieced together to produce the enzyme. These changes generally result in an enzyme that is unstable and decays rapidly, or that is disabled and cannot function properly.
Either a deletion or a mutation affecting the EHMT1 gene results in a lack of functional euchromatic histone methyltransferase 1 enzyme. A lack of this enzyme impairs proper control of the activity of certain genes in many of the body's organs and tissues, resulting in the abnormalities of development and function characteristic of Kleefstra syndrome.
","key":"forms","title":"What causes Kleefstra syndrome?"},{"bodyHtml":"People with Kleefstra syndrome may also have structural brain abnormalities, congenital heart defects, genitourinary abnormalities, seizures, and a tendency to develop severe respiratory infections. During childhood they may exhibit features of autism or related developmental disorders affecting communication and social interaction. In adolescence, they may develop a general loss of interest and enthusiasm (apathy) or unresponsiveness (catatonia).
Source: MedlinePlus Genetics
","key":"overview","title":"Condition overview"}],"sharedSources":[],"slug":"kleefstra-syndrome","sourceDocuments":[{"name":"Kleefstra syndrome","reviewed":"2011-02","sections":{"causes":{"fetchedAt":"2026-10-20T20:22:42.941583+00:00","label":"Causes","pageSha256":"886aa7e59252b34efb467db26094b2f7a3f9dfbde24eace1dc6739263d7b9fec","sourceUrl":"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/kleefstra-syndrome/#causes","status":"available"}},"source_release":"2026-10-01","url":"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/kleefstra-syndrome"}],"sourceNote":"MedlinePlus descriptions and Causes; original HPO annotations.","takeawayHtml":"Cause explanations are from MedlinePlus Genetics. Feature values below retain their original sources and patient groups.","title":"Kleefstra syndrome"},"schemaVersion":1}