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morphology","onset_id":null,"reference":"ORPHA:2584","source_release":"2026-06-23"},"sourceGroups":["orphanet"]},{"frequencyKind":"range","key":"f85783186b5344c6caca99db689747de4e86e991cd588818dbf85c815323af2a","raw":{"aspect":"P","body_system":"skin","disease_id":"ORPHA:2584","disease_name":"Classic mycosis fungoides","evidence":"TAS","frequency_raw":"HP:0040283","hpo_id":"HP:0000962","is_excluded":false,"label":"Hyperkeratosis","onset_id":null,"reference":"ORPHA:2584","source_release":"2026-06-23"},"sourceGroups":["orphanet"]}],"referenceLabels":{},"references":{"causeHtml":"<ul><li><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/mycosis-fungoides\">Mycosis fungoides</a></li></ul>","identityNote":"MONDO cross-references identify native condition entries. Ancestor membership does not transfer phenotype values between groups.","importantHtml":""},"sections":[{"bodyHtml":"<p>The cause of mycosis fungoides is unknown. Most affected individuals have one or more chromosomal abnormalities, such as the loss or gain of genetic material. These abnormalities occur during a person&#x27;s lifetime and are found only in the DNA of cancerous cells. Abnormalities have been found on most chromosomes, but some regions are more commonly affected than others. People with this condition tend to have additions of DNA in regions of chromosomes 7 and 17 or loss of DNA from regions of chromosomes 9 and 10. It is unclear whether these genetic changes play a role in mycosis fungoides, although the tendency to acquire chromosome abnormalities (chromosomal instability) is a feature of many cancers. It can lead to genetic changes that allow cells to grow and divide uncontrollably.</p><p>Other research suggests that certain variants of HLA class II genes are associated with mycosis fungoides. HLA genes help the immune system distinguish the body&#x27;s own proteins from proteins made by foreign invaders (such as viruses and bacteria). Each HLA gene has many different normal variations, allowing each person&#x27;s immune system to react to a wide range of foreign proteins. The specific variants are inherited through families. Certain variations of HLA genes may affect the risk of developing mycosis fungoides or may impact progression of the disorder.</p><p>It is possible that other factors, such as environmental exposure or certain bacterial or viral infections, are involved in the development of mycosis fungoides. However, the influence of genetic and environmental factors on the development of this complex disorder remains unclear.</p><p class=\"section-source\"><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/mycosis-fungoides/#causes\">MedlinePlus Genetics: Causes</a></p>","key":"forms","title":"What causes Mycosis fungoides?"},{"bodyHtml":"<p>Mycosis fungoides may progress slowly through several stages, although not all people with the condition progress through all stages. Most affected individuals initially develop skin lesions called patches, which are flat, scaly, pink or red areas on the skin that can be itchy. Cancerous T cells, which cause the formation of patches, are found in these lesions. The skin cells themselves are not cancerous; the skin problems result when cancerous T cells move from the blood into the skin. Patches are most commonly found on the lower abdomen, upper thighs, buttocks, and breasts. They can disappear and reappear or remain stable over time. In some affected individuals, patches progress to plaques, the next stage of mycosis fungoides.</p><p>Plaques are raised lesions that are usually reddish, purplish, or brownish in color and itchy. Plaques commonly occur in the same body regions as patches. While some plaques arise from patches, others develop on their own, and an affected person can have both patches and plaques simultaneously. As with patches, cancerous T cells are found in plaques. Plaques can remain stable or can develop into tumors. Not everyone with patches or plaques develops tumors.</p><p>The tumors in mycosis fungoides, which are composed of cancerous T cells, are raised nodules that are thicker and deeper than plaques. They can arise from patches or plaques or occur on their own. Mycosis fungoides was so named because the tumors can resemble mushrooms, a type of fungus. Common locations for tumor development include the upper thighs and groin, breasts, armpits, and the crook of the elbow. Open sores may develop on the tumors, often leading to infection.</p><p>Although rare, the cancerous T cells can spread to other organs, including the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and lungs. Spread to other organs can occur in any stage of mycosis fungoides but is most common in the tumor stage. In addition, affected individuals have an increased risk of developing another lymphoma or other type of cancer.</p><p class=\"section-source\">Source: <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/mycosis-fungoides\">MedlinePlus Genetics</a></p>","key":"overview","title":"Condition overview"}],"sharedSources":[],"slug":"mycosis-fungoides","sourceDocuments":[{"name":"Mycosis fungoides","reviewed":"2013-02","sections":{"causes":{"fetchedAt":"2026-10-20T20:23:36.212217+00:00","label":"Causes","pageSha256":"d28ff07f4157216513722496f677cb356003688b26eda55092893f75ab5c1f42","sourceUrl":"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/mycosis-fungoides/#causes","status":"available"}},"source_release":"2026-10-01","url":"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/mycosis-fungoides"}],"sourceNote":"MedlinePlus descriptions and Causes; original HPO annotations.","takeawayHtml":"Cause explanations are from MedlinePlus Genetics. Feature values below retain their original sources and patient groups.","title":"Mycosis fungoides"},"schemaVersion":1}