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Ancestor membership does not transfer phenotype values between groups.","importantHtml":""},"sections":[{"bodyHtml":"<p>Nearsightedness is typically a complex condition. Multiple genetic variations, each with a small effect, likely interact with environmental and lifestyle factors to influence whether a person becomes nearsighted. Some of the factors that contribute to nearsightedness have been confirmed by research, while others have yet to be discovered.</p><p>Occasionally, nearsightedness (particularly high myopia) results from mutations in a single gene. Variations in at least seven specific genes have been associated with high myopia. In some families, the genetic cause of their nearsightedness has been narrowed down to a small segment of a chromosome (called a locus, plural loci). Each locus can contain dozens or hundreds of genes; researchers have not determined which genes are involved. More than two dozen loci related to nearsightedness have been identified. Each one is named with the prefix &quot;MYP&quot; (for &quot;myopia&quot;) and a number that reflects the order in which it was reported.</p><p>Large studies have identified more than 200 genes involved in nearsightedness, and additional studies are underway. Some of these genes help guide eye growth before and after birth. Other genes are involved in processing light signals in the retina. Still other genes are known to be involved in nearsightedness, but their role in vision is unclear. Environmental and lifestyle factors also play an important part in nearsightedness. Much of the recent increase in the frequency of nearsightedness worldwide is likely related to spending less time outdoors and doing more &quot;near work,&quot; such as reading, studying, and working on computers and handheld devices. Researchers are working to determine how genetic variations may interact with these lifestyle changes to alter the shape of the eyes.</p><p>In most nearsighted people, this vision problem is not part of a larger genetic syndrome. However, more than 200 genetic conditions, most of them rare, include nearsightedness as a feature. These conditions include autosomal recessive congenital stationary night blindness, X-linked congenital stationary night blindness, Stickler syndrome, Marfan syndrome, retinitis pigmentosa, cone-rod dystrophy, deafness and myopia syndrome, Knobloch syndrome, and Cohen syndrome.</p><p class=\"section-source\"><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/nearsightedness/#causes\">MedlinePlus Genetics: Causes</a></p>","key":"forms","title":"What causes Nearsightedness?"},{"bodyHtml":"<p>Nearsightedness usually begins in childhood or adolescence. It tends to worsen with age until adulthood, when it may stop getting worse (stabilize). In some people, nearsightedness improves in later adulthood.</p><p>For normal vision, light passes through the clear cornea at the front of the eye and is focused by the lens onto the surface of the retina, which is the lining of the back of the eye that contains light-sensing cells. People who are nearsighted typically have eyeballs that are too long from front to back. As a result, light entering the eye is focused too far forward, in front of the retina instead of on its surface. It is this change that causes distant objects to appear blurry. The longer the eyeball is, the farther forward light rays will be focused and the more severely nearsighted a person will be.</p><p>Nearsightedness is measured by how powerful a lens must be to correct it. The standard unit of lens power is called a diopter. Negative (minus) powered lenses are used to correct nearsightedness. The more severe a person&#x27;s nearsightedness, the larger the number of diopters required for correction. In an individual with nearsightedness, one eye may be more nearsighted than the other.</p><p>Eye doctors often refer to nearsightedness less than -5 or -6 diopters as &quot;common myopia.&quot; Nearsightedness of -6 diopters or more is commonly called &quot;high myopia.&quot; This distinction is important because high myopia increases a person&#x27;s risk of developing other eye problems that can lead to permanent vision loss or blindness. These problems include tearing and detachment of the retina, clouding of the lens (cataract), and an eye disease called glaucoma that is usually related to increased pressure within the eye. The risk of these other eye problems increases with the severity of the nearsightedness. The term &quot;pathological myopia&quot; is used to describe cases in which high myopia leads to tissue damage within the eye.</p><p class=\"section-source\">Source: <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/nearsightedness\">MedlinePlus Genetics</a></p>","key":"overview","title":"Condition overview"}],"sharedSources":[],"slug":"nearsightedness","sourceDocuments":[{"name":"Nearsightedness","reviewed":"2018-07","sections":{"causes":{"fetchedAt":"2026-10-20T20:23:42.338002+00:00","label":"Causes","pageSha256":"fdfcde1aa4d0af48c75cd0a96b890ebafd6083f2f48910e4895b2b9c8eeb2873","sourceUrl":"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/nearsightedness/#causes","status":"available"}},"source_release":"2026-10-01","url":"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/nearsightedness"}],"sourceNote":"MedlinePlus descriptions and Causes; original HPO annotations.","takeawayHtml":"Cause explanations are from MedlinePlus Genetics. 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