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It is not a pooled estimate for the umbrella condition."}],"comparison":{"collapseColumnsLabel":"Show initial comparisons","defaultColumnKeys":["MONDO:0007043/OMIM:101600","MONDO:0007043/ORPHA:710","MONDO:0019659/ORPHA:93258","MONDO:0019660/ORPHA:93259"],"expandColumnsLabel":"Compare all source entries","intro":"Compare the original source entries. Different entries may describe different patient groups.","primaryFeatureIds":[],"scopeNoteHtml":"

Each column keeps its native condition scope. Initial features are displayed alphabetically, not ranked by clinical importance. Counts remain separate, and an empty cell does not mean a feature cannot occur.

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characterized by the premature fusion of certain skull bones (craniosynostosis). 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Pfeiffer syndrome is most commonly caused by mutations in the FGFR2 gene. Mutations in the FGFR1 gene cause a small percentage of cases of type 1 Pfeiffer syndrome. Mutations in this gene have not been associated with type 2 or 3.

The FGFR1 and FGFR2 genes provide instructions for making proteins known as fibroblast growth factor receptors 1 and 2, respectively. Among their multiple functions, these proteins signal immature cells to become bone cells during embryonic development. A mutation in either the FGFR1 or FGFR2 gene alters the function of the respective protein, causing prolonged signaling, which can promote the premature fusion of skull bones and affect the development of bones in the hands and feet.

MedlinePlus Genetics: Causes

","key":"forms","title":"What causes Pfeiffer syndrome?"},{"bodyHtml":"

Many of the characteristic facial features of Pfeiffer syndrome result from premature fusion of the skull bones. Abnormal growth of these bones leads to bulging and wide-set eyes, a high forehead, an underdeveloped upper jaw, and a beaked nose. More than half of all children with Pfeiffer syndrome have hearing loss; dental problems are also common.

In people with Pfeiffer syndrome, the thumbs and first (big) toes are wide and bend away from the other digits. Unusually short fingers and toes (brachydactyly) are also common, and there may be some webbing or fusion between the digits (syndactyly).

Pfeiffer syndrome is divided into three subtypes. Type 1, also known as classic Pfeiffer syndrome, has symptoms as described above. Most individuals with type 1 Pfeiffer syndrome have normal intelligence and a normal life span. Types 2 and 3 are more severe forms of Pfeiffer syndrome that often involve problems with the nervous system. The premature fusion of skull bones can limit brain growth, leading to delayed development and other neurological problems. In addition, individuals with type 2 or 3 can have fusion of the bones (ankylosis) in the elbow or other joints, limiting mobility, and abnormalities of the face and airways, which can cause life-threatening breathing problems. Type 2 is distinguished from type 3 by the presence of a cloverleaf-shaped head, which is caused by more extensive fusion of bones in the skull.

Source: MedlinePlus Genetics

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