Each column keeps its native condition scope. Initial features are displayed alphabetically, not ranked by clinical importance. Counts remain separate, and an empty cell does not mean a feature cannot occur.
"},"coverage":{"countRecords":0,"emptyColumnKeys":[],"hpoRelease":"2026-06-23","narrativeSourceChanges":[],"records":2,"sourceGroups":{"omim":2,"orphanet":0,"published":0}},"features":[{"hpoId":"HP:0001939","label":"Abnormality of metabolism/homeostasis","primary":false},{"hpoId":"HP:0010301","label":"Spinal dysraphism","primary":false}],"ledeHtml":"Spina bifida is a condition in which the neural tube, a layer of cells that ultimately develops into the brain and spinal cord, fails to close completely during the first few weeks of embryonic development. As a result, when the spine forms, the bones of the spinal column do not close completely around the developing nerves of the spinal cord. Part of the spinal cord may stick out through an opening in the spine, leading to permanent nerve damage. Because spina bifida is caused by abnormalities of the neural tube, it is classified as a neural tube defect.","mondoId":"MONDO:0011120","records":[{"frequencyKind":"reported","key":"34ce9b916e1dfd009b7b221a74282ad7826309e72ad887e1c0a1e74cb426e29d","raw":{"aspect":"P","body_system":"metabolic","disease_id":"OMIM:601634","disease_name":"Neural tube defects, folate-sensitive","evidence":"IEA","frequency_raw":null,"hpo_id":"HP:0001939","is_excluded":false,"label":"Abnormality of metabolism/homeostasis","onset_id":null,"reference":"OMIM:601634","source_release":"2026-06-23"},"sourceGroups":["omim"]},{"frequencyKind":"reported","key":"e5f761f0af6153e7a0a54807edcca9da2930c6650b589d4e865a49093d7c1710","raw":{"aspect":"P","body_system":"nervous_system","disease_id":"OMIM:601634","disease_name":"Neural tube defects, folate-sensitive","evidence":"TAS","frequency_raw":null,"hpo_id":"HP:0010301","is_excluded":false,"label":"Spinal dysraphism","onset_id":null,"reference":"OMIM:601634","source_release":"2026-06-23"},"sourceGroups":["omim"]}],"referenceLabels":{},"references":{"causeHtml":"","identityNote":"MONDO cross-references identify native condition entries. Ancestor membership does not transfer phenotype values between groups.","importantHtml":""},"sections":[{"bodyHtml":"Spina bifida is a complex condition that is likely caused by the interaction of multiple genetic and environmental factors. Some of these factors have been identified, but many remain unknown.
Changes in dozens of genes in individuals with spina bifida and in those of their mothers may influence the risk of developing this type of neural tube defect. The best-studied of these genes is MTHFR, which provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in processing the vitamin folate (also called vitamin B9). A shortage (deficiency) of this vitamin is an established risk factor for neural tube defects like spina bifida. Changes in other genes related to folate processing and genes involved in the development of the neural tube have also been studied as potential risk factors for spina bifida. However, none of these genes appears to play a major role in causing the condition.
Researchers have also examined environmental factors that could contribute to the risk of spina bifida. As mentioned above, folate deficiency appears to play a significant role. Studies have shown that women who take supplements containing folic acid (the synthetic form of folate) before they get pregnant and very early in their pregnancy are significantly less likely to have a baby with spina bifida or a related neural tube defect. Other possible maternal risk factors for spina bifida include diabetes mellitus, obesity, exposure to high heat (such as a fever or use of a hot tub or sauna) in early pregnancy, and the use of certain anti-seizure medications during pregnancy. However, it is unclear how these factors may influence the risk of spina bifida.
","key":"forms","title":"What causes Spina bifida?"},{"bodyHtml":"Children born with spina bifida often have a fluid-filled sac on their back that is covered by skin, called a meningocele. If the sac contains part of the spinal cord and its protective covering, it is known as a myelomeningocele. The signs and symptoms of these abnormalities range from mild to severe, depending on where the opening in the spinal column is located and how much of the spinal cord is contained in the sac. Related problems can include a loss of feeling below the level of the opening, weakness or paralysis of the feet or legs, and problems with bladder and bowel control. Some affected individuals have additional complications, including a buildup of excess fluid around the brain (hydrocephalus) and learning problems. With surgery and other forms of treatment, many people with spina bifida live into adulthood.
In a milder form of the condition, called spina bifida occulta, the bones of the spinal column are abnormally formed, but the nerves of the spinal cord usually develop normally. Unlike in the more severe form of spina bifida, the spinal cord does not stick out through an opening in the spine. Spina bifida occulta most often causes no health problems, although rarely it can cause back pain or changes in bladder function.
Source: MedlinePlus Genetics
","key":"overview","title":"Condition overview"}],"sharedSources":[],"slug":"spina-bifida","sourceDocuments":[{"name":"Spina bifida","reviewed":"2014-11","sections":{"causes":{"fetchedAt":"2026-10-20T20:25:09.634232+00:00","label":"Causes","pageSha256":"3c8c8111fe4c448596b943153bc17518a93f22b798aa004616da3f65fc1dce59","sourceUrl":"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/spina-bifida/#causes","status":"available"}},"source_release":"2026-10-01","url":"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/spina-bifida"}],"sourceNote":"MedlinePlus descriptions and Causes; original HPO annotations.","takeawayHtml":"Cause explanations are from MedlinePlus Genetics. Feature values below retain their original sources and patient groups.","title":"Spina bifida"},"schemaVersion":1}