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Ancestor membership does not transfer phenotype values between groups.","importantHtml":""},"sections":[{"bodyHtml":"<p>As its name indicates, STXBP1 encephalopathy is caused by mutations in the STXBP1 gene. This gene provides instructions for making syntaxin-binding protein 1. In nerve cells (neurons), this protein helps regulate the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters from compartments known as synaptic vesicles. The release of neurotransmitters relays signals between neurons and is critical for normal brain function. Syntaxin-binding protein 1 is also thought to play a role in the positioning and growth of neurons during brain development.</p><p>STXBP1 gene mutations reduce the amount of functional protein produced from the gene, which impairs the release of neurotransmitters. A change in neurotransmitter levels can lead to uncontrolled activation (excitation) of neurons, which causes seizures. Research suggests that a shortage of syntaxin-binding protein 1 also impairs neuron development in the brain, which could underlie encephalopathy and other neurological problems characteristic of this condition.</p><p class=\"section-source\"><a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/stxbp1-encephalopathy/#causes\">MedlinePlus Genetics: Causes</a></p>","key":"forms","title":"What causes STXBP1 encephalopathy?"},{"bodyHtml":"<p>In people with STXBP1 encephalopathy, intellectual disability is often severe to profound. In addition, speech and motor skills, such as sitting, crawling, and walking, can be delayed. Though they may acquire the skill late, many children with the condition can walk independently by age 5. Affected individuals usually learn their first words later than their peers, sometimes not until late childhood. Some can communicate verbally using simple sentences, while others never develop the skill.</p><p>About 85 percent of people with STXBP1 encephalopathy develop epilepsy. The most common seizures in this condition are infantile spasms, which occur before age 1 and consist of involuntary muscle contractions. Other seizure types that can occur in people with this condition include uncontrolled muscle twitches (myoclonic seizures), sudden episodes of weak muscle tone (atonic seizures), partial or complete loss of consciousness (absence seizures), or loss of consciousness with muscle rigidity and convulsions (tonic-clonic seizures). Most people who have STXBP1 encephalopathy have more than one type of seizure. In about one-quarter of affected individuals, the seizures are described as refractory because they do not respond to therapy with anti-epileptic medications.</p><p>Other neurological problems that occur in people with STXBP1 encephalopathy include features of autism spectrum disorder; weak muscle tone (hypotonia); and movement problems, such as difficulty coordinating movements (ataxia), involuntary trembling (tremors), and muscle stiffness (spasticity). In some cases, areas of brain tissue loss (atrophy) have been found on medical imaging.</p><p class=\"section-source\">Source: <a href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/stxbp1-encephalopathy\">MedlinePlus Genetics</a></p>","key":"overview","title":"Condition overview"}],"sharedSources":[],"slug":"stxbp1-encephalopathy","sourceDocuments":[{"name":"STXBP1 encephalopathy","reviewed":"2017-07","sections":{"causes":{"fetchedAt":"2026-10-20T20:25:19.315996+00:00","label":"Causes","pageSha256":"823ad122f1aa4d07b7c5ccf39591ef8cfc9fc0a734e8fcbd7eb8b23055e8c2fa","sourceUrl":"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/stxbp1-encephalopathy/#causes","status":"available"}},"source_release":"2026-10-01","url":"https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/stxbp1-encephalopathy"}],"sourceNote":"MedlinePlus descriptions and Causes; original HPO annotations.","takeawayHtml":"Cause explanations are from MedlinePlus Genetics. Feature values below retain their original sources and patient groups.","title":"STXBP1 encephalopathy"},"schemaVersion":1}